Intraoperative sudden arrhythmias in cervical spine surgery adjacent to the stellate ganglion: A case report

Figure 2 Hemodynamic data and events with drug administration and electrocardiogram in chronological order. A: Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed a normal sinus rhythm at the start of the operation; B: First, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia pattern arrythmia occurred suddenly during approach to the cervical spine; C: Flutter-like pattern on ECG occurred continuously; D: Adenosine was administered, and the ECG pattern changed to atrial flutter (AF). Diltiazem injection for management of AF; E: Disappearance of flutter-like ECG. MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; Entropy: Sedation scale; Temp: Body temperature; ETCO₂: End-tidal carbon dioxide.