Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia: Systematic review and analysis of the 37 cases reported so far

Table 2 Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia patients’ main features (n = 37)

Male-to-female ratio	1.25/1
Mean age at diagnosis	26.1 ± 19.6 yr (range 3 mo-66 yr)
	Asymptomatic (35.1%)
	Breathlessness (40.5%)
ECG changes	T wave abnormalities (29.7%)
	Right axis deviation with poor R wave progression (24.3%)
	Atrial fibrillation/flutter (24.3%)
	Non sustained ventricular tachycardia (8.1%)
Diagnosis	By echocardiography (97.3%)
	By cardiac magnetic resonance (91.9%)
Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction	56.7%
Associated congenital heart disease	16.2%
Heart failure medical therapy	35.1%
Implantable cardioverter device	2.7%
Death	2.7%

ECG: Electrocardiogram.