Clinical management of dural defects: A review

Table 1 Etiology of dural defect

Relationship	Classification	Etiology
Immediate factors	Operation	Lumbar anesthesia, puncture[8]
		Analgesia in labor[8]
		Chiropractic[82]
		Negative pressure suction
	Trauma	Skull fracture[83]
		Spinal burst fracture[84]
		Subdural hematoma cleared[85]
	Surgery	Discectomy/artificial disc replacement[86-88]
		laminectomy[86-88]
		Late-presenting dural tear[89]
		minimally invasive surgery[90]
		Secondary intervention after surgical intervention[9,10,14,92]
		Intradural mass resection/cyst removal[9,14]
Indirect factors	Connective tissue disorders	Marfan syndrome[91]
		Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type II[92]
	Miscellaneous	Dural ossification[86]
		Spontaneous fistula
		The use of bone morphoprotein 2[93]
		Older age[1,10,14]
		Diabetes[1]
		Obesity (Body mass index ≥ 30)[87]
		Corticosteroid use[87]
		Ankylosing spondylitis[87]