Disease exacerbation is common in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors for malignancy

Table 3 Inflammatory bowel disease management and clinical outcomes following immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment stratified by prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease exacerbation

	Exacerbation	No exacerbation	P value1
	n = 7	n = 12
Follow up time, d, median, IQR	435, 306	572, 450	0.4824
Length of ICI use, mo, median, IQR	12, 10	6.5, 9.3	0.3685
Reason for ICI discontinuation, n (%)
Cancer remission	1 (14.3)	1 (8.3)	1.0000
Cancer non-response	0 (0)	2 (16.7)	0.5088
Side effect(s)	1 (14.3)	3 (25.0)	1.0000
Patient preference	0 (0)	1 (8.3)	1.0000
Deceased	1 (14.3)	2 (16.7)	1.0000
Unknown	0 (0)	1 (8.3)	1.0000
Not discontinued	4 (57.1)	2 (16.7)	0.1287
GI-related hospitalization, n (%)	4 (57.1)	0 (0)	0.0090
GI-related surgery, n (%)	2 (28.6)	0 (0)	0.1228
IBD medications used after ICI initiation, n (%)
Aminosalicylates	4 (57.1)	4 (33.3)	0.3765
Glucocorticoids	3 (42.9)	4 (33.3)	1.0000
TNF inhibitor	2 (28.6)	1 (8.3)	0.5232
Mercaptopurine	1 (14.3)	0 (0)	0.3684
None	2 (28.6)	5 (41.7)	0.6562
Deceased, n (%)	1 (14.3)	4 (33.3)	0.6027

¹P-values from Fisher's exact test.

IQR: Interquartile range; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor; GI: Gastrointestinal; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.