Association between direct-acting antiviral agents in hepatitis C virus treatment and hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and recurrence: The endless debate

Table 1 Summary of studies of the association between direct-acting antiviral agents and de novo hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence

Ref.	Type of study	n (treated with DAAs)	Follow-up period	Incidence of HCC occurrence
Ravi et al[33]	Prospective	61	6 mo	9%
Conti et al[34]	Prospective	344	24 wk	3.16%
Cardoso et al[35]	Prospective	240	12 mo	7.4%
Mettke et al[38]	Prospective cohort treated with DAAs vs retrospective control matched group of untreated patients	158 in DAAs group vs 184 in the control group	440 d for DAAs group vs 592 d for the control group	2.9% vs 4.5%
Cheung et al[39]	Prospective cohort treated with DAAs vs retrospective control matched group of untreated patients	406 in each group	15 mo	4% in both groups
Calvaruso et al[40]	Prospective	2249	16 mo	3.5%
Romano et al[41]	Prospective	3917	536.2 + 197.6 d	1.4%
Kanwal et al[43]	Retrospective	22500	12 mo	1.18%
Finkelmeier et al[44]	Prospective	819	263 d	3.6% annually
Ioannou et al[45]	Retrospective	21948 treated with IFN free regimen	-	1.32% annually
Tani et al[46]	Retrospective	1088 (Patients with SVR)	4 yr	1.88% annually
Shiha et al[47]	Prospective	2372 patients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis with SVR	12 mo	2.3% annually
Pinero et al[48]	Prospective	1400	16 mo	2% annually
Lashen et al[49]	Retrospective	392 (F3-F4) patients	34 mo	7.6%
Hassany et al[50]	Prospective	350	2 yr after the end of treatment	6.7% in patients with SVR vs 23.8% in patients with non-SVR

DAAs: Direct-acting antiviral agents; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; IFN: Interferon; SVR: Sustained viral response.