Development and validation of novel nomograms to predict survival of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of variables associated with cancer-specific survival

Variables	CSS
	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Age1 (yr)
< 50	1.0		1.0
≥ 50, < 60	0.940 (0.760, 1.164)	0.571	0.910 (0.734, 1.129)	0.390
≥ 60, < 70	1.093 (0.885, 1.350)	0.408	1.180 (0.952, 1.463)	0.131
≥ 70	1.359 (1.094, 1.689)	0.006	1.750 (1.399, 2.189)	< 0.001
Sex
Male	1.0		1.0
Female	1.021 (0.879, 1.185)	0.786	0.999 (0.854, 1.167)	0.986
Marital status
Married	1.0		1.0
Unmarried2	1.515 (1.312, 1.749)	< 0.001	1.291 (1.114, 1.497)	< 0.001
Race
White	1.0		1.0
Black	1.739 (1.337, 2.262)	< 0.001	1.213 (0.925, 1.590)	0.163
Other3	1.079 (0.836, 1.394)	0.558	1.113 (0.0.859, 1.442)	0.420
Site
Anterior 2/3 of tongue4	1.0		1.0
Base of tongue	0.795 (0.669, 0.945)	0.009	0.393 (0.320, 0.482)	< 0.001
T stage
T1	1.0		1.0
T2	2.397 (1.994, 2.880)	< 0.001	1.973 (1.520, 2.561)	< 0.001
T3	4.832 (3.898, 5.991)	< 0.001	3.220 (2.429, 4.268)	< 0.001
T4	5.933 (4.771, 7.377)	< 0.001	4.786 (3.519, 6.510)	< 0.001
N stage
N0	1.0		1.0
N1	2.756 (2.250, 3.375)	< 0.001	2.376 (1.635, 3.454)	< 0.001
N2	3.401 (2.880, 4.016)	< 0.001	5.216 (3.337, 8.154)	< 0.001
N3	4.400 (2.843, 6.810)	< 0.001	8.289 (4.498, 15.275)	< 0.001
TNM stage
I	1.0		1.0
II	1.865 (1.405, 2.475)	< 0.001	1.019 (0.689, 1.507)	0.926
III	3.597 (2.829, 4.572)	< 0.001	1.226 (0.766, 1.964)	0.396
IV	4.720 (3.830, 5.816)	< 0.001	0.710 (0.404, 1.247)	0.233
Pathology grade
Well differentiated	1.0		1.0
Moderately differentiated	2.586 (2.024, 3.304)	< 0.001	2.895 (1.469, 2.444)	< 0.001
Poorly differentiated	2.632 (2.030, 3.414)	< 0.001	1.911 (1.438, 2.540)	< 0.001
Neck dissection
No	1.0		1.0
Yes	1.710 (1.429, 2.047)	< 0.001	0.775 (0.628, 0.957)	0.018
Radiation
No radiation	1.0		1.0
Radiation prior to surgery	4.294 (2.800, 6.586)	< 0.001	1.511 (0.952, 2.399)	0.080
Radiation after surgery	2.079 (1.782, 2.426)	< 0.001	0.769 (0.628, 0.943)	0.012
Radiation before and after surgery	4.478 (2.112, 9.495)	< 0.001	1.271 (0.585, 2.760)	0.545

¹Age at diagnosis.

²Unmarried, including divorced, separated, single, and widowed.

³Other, including American Indian/AK Native and Asian/Pacific Islander.

⁴Anterior 2/3 of the tongue refers to all parts of the tongue except for the base of the tongue and includes the border, ventral surface, dorsal surface, and overlapping lesions of the tongue.

CSS: Cancer-specific survival; CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratio; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.