Development and validation of novel nomograms to predict survival of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of variables associated with overall survival

Variables	OS
	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Age1 (yr)
< 50	1.0		1.0
≥ 50, < 60	1.002 (0.821, 1.223)	0.984	0.982 (0.803, 1.201)	0.858
≥ 60, < 70	1.181 (0.971, 1.438)	0.097	1.276 (1.045, 1.559)	0.017
≥ 70	1.800 (1.482, 2.187)	< 0.001	2.217 (1.815, 2.710)	< 0.001
Sex
Male	1.0		1.0
Female	0.983 (0.859, 1.124)	0.801	0.901 (0.783, 1.037)	0.147
Marital status
Married	1.0		1.0
Unmarried2	1.606 (1.413, 1.827)	< 0.001	1.388 (1.216, 1.585)	< 0.001
Race
White	1.0		1.0
Black	1.649 (1.296, 2.100)	< 0.001	1.199 (0.935, 1.538)	0.153
Other3	1.077 (0.857, 1.354)	0.526	1.102 (0.874, 1.390)	0.411
Site
Anterior 2/3 of tongue4	1.0		1.0
Base of tongue	0.757 (0.647, 0.886)	< 0.001	0.413 (0.342, 0.497)	< 0.001
T stage
T1	1.0		1.0
T2	2.168 (1.847, 2.544)	< 0.001	1.969 (1.540, 2.518)	< 0.001
T3	3.997 (3.293, 4.852)	< 0.001	3.142 (2.411, 4.095)	< 0.001
T4	5.070 (4.171, 6.163)	< 0.001	4.682 (3.498, 6.268)	< 0.001
N stage
N0	1.0		1.0
N1	2.066 (1.725, 2.475)	< 0.001	2.080 (1.497, 2.889)	< 0.001
N2	2.489 (2.154, 2.878)	< 0.001	3.749 (2.554, 5.503)	< 0.001
N3	3.040 (1.995, 4.634)	< 0.001	5.641 (3.223, 9.873)	< 0.001
TNM stage
I	1.0		1.0
II	1.831 (1.459, 2.299)	< 0.001	1.011 (0.719, 1.420)	0.952
III	2.617 (2.129, 3.216)	< 0.001	1.071 (0.709, 1.619)	0.745
IV	3.439 (2.890, 4.092)	< 0.001	0.774 (0.475, 1.262)	0.305
Pathology grade
Well differentiated	1.0		1.0
Moderately differentiated	2.141 (1.748, 2.622)	< 0.001	1.781 (1.442, 2.200)	< 0.001
Poorly differentiated	2.045 (1.642, 2.546)	< 0.001	1.733 (1.360, 2.209)	< 0.001
Neck dissection
No	1.0		1.0
Yes	1.407 (1.209, 1.638)	< 0.001	0.766 (0.640, 0.916)	0.004
Radiation
No radiation	1.0		1.0
Radiation prior to surgery	3.235 (2.156, 4.854)	< 0.001	1.345 (0.870, 2.080)	0.182
Radiation after surgery	1.629 (1.425, 1.861)	< 0.001	0.716 (0.5994, 0.856)	< 0.001
Radiation before and after surgery	3.111 (1.472, 6.575)	0.003	1.025 (0.475, 2.212)	0.0.949

¹Age at diagnosis.

²Unmarried, including divorced, separated, single, and widowed.

³Other, including American Indian/AK Native and Asian/Pacific Islander.

⁴Anterior 2/3 of the tongue refers to all parts of the tongue except for the base of the tongue and includes the border, ventral surface, dorsal surface, and overlapping lesions of the tongue.

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; OS: Overall survival; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.