Learning curve for a surgeon in robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy through a “G”-shaped approach: A cumulative sum analysis

Table 2 Details of operation-related information in the two phases

Variable	Total	Early (n = 16)	Late (n = 44)	P value
Operative time (min)	378.55 ± 94.30	480 ± 81.65	331 ± 76.54	< 0.01
Estimated blood loss (mL)	223.3 ± 31.94	308 ± 54.78	169.2 ± 35.33	< 0.01
Conversion to OPD	3 (5%)	2 (12.5%)	1 (2.27%)	0.11
Postoperative stay (d)	19 ± 6.09	22 ± 4.53	17 ± 6.08	< 0.01
Overall complication
Pancreatic fistula	17 (28.3%)	6 (37.5%)	11 (25%)	0.34
Grade A	11 (18.3%)	3 (18.75%)	8 (18.2%)	0.95
Grade B	6 (10%)	3 (18.75%)	3 (6.82%)	0.17
Grade C	0	0	0
Bile leakage	4 (6.67%)	3 (18.75%)	1 (2.27%)	0.024
Gastric fistula	0	0	0
Delayed gastric emptying	16 (26.67%)	8 (50%)	8 (18.18%)	0.01
Wound healing	1	0	1
30-d reoperation	0	0	0
30-d mortality	0	0	0
Postoperative hospital stay (d)	18.8 ± 11.8	22.5 ± 14.5	17.5 ± 9.3	< 0.01

OPD: Open pancreaticoduodenectomy.