Paradoxical role of interleukin-33/suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 in colorectal carcinogenesis: Progress and therapeutic potential

Table 1 Diversified therapeutics based on interleukin-33/suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 signaling in colorectal cancer

Type of therapeutic strategies	Pattern of IL-33/ST2 signaling involved	Drugs or cells used	Antitumor effects or mechanisms	Ref.
Conventional Therapy	Blockade of IL-33/ST2 signaling	Irinotecan, SN-38	Alleviated mucositis, reduced tumor growth	[55,59,60]
Blockade of immune checkpoint	Exogenous IL-33 or its overexpression, ST2 depletion	PD-1 antibody	Activated CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, tumor regression	[66,67]
Lymphocyte immunotherapy	Enhanced IL-33 expression	Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T, IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells, eosinophils, ILC2	Upregulation of IFN-γ, antitumor immunity, inhibition of tumor expansion/metastasis	[69,71,73,76]
Cancer gene therapy	Overexpression of IL-33	Oncolytic adenovirus, vaccinia virus	Oncolysis, inhibition of tumor growth, migration and tumor stem-cell activity	[77,78]

PD-1: Programmed cell death-1; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; ST2: Suppressor of tumorigenicity 2; ILC2: Group 2 innate lymphoid cell.