Effects of lower body positive pressure treadmill on functional improvement in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial study

Figure 1 The lower body positive pressure setting. A: The basic lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmill setting for walking training; B: The LBPP training protocol. LBPP: Lower body positive pressure; BW: Body weight; mph: Miles per hour.

Figure 2 Flow schematic of the study. OA: Osteoarthritis; GZMU: Guangzhou Medical University; LBPP: Lower body positive pressure.

Figure 3 Comparison of clinical assessment parameters within group (between pre- and post-treatment) and among groups (between lower body positive pressure group and control group). A: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (scores); B: Activity of daily living (scores); C: Visual analogue scale (scores); D: Keen active joint range of motion flex-extension (degrees). ^b0.001 ≤ P < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. LBPP: Lower body positive pressure; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index; VAS: Visual analogue scale; AROM: Active joint range of motion; ADL: Activity of daily living.

Figure 4 Comparison of spatiotemporal parameters within group (between pre- and post-treatment) and among groups (between lower body positive pressure group and control group). A: Stance phase in gait cycle (%); B: Swing phase in gait cycle (%); C: Mean velocity (%height/s); D: Cadence (steps/min); E: Stride length (%height); F: Step width (m). ^a0.01 ≤ P < 0.05, ^b0.001 ≤ P < 0.01, and ^cP < 0.001. LBPP: Lower body positive pressure.