Practical strategies for modulating foam cell formation and behavior

Figure 1 An atherosclerotic plaque at its early stage of development in the thoracic aorta of an apolipoprotein E-KO mouse is illustrated. The plaque is primarily composed of apparent foam cells. HE staining × 400.

Figure 2 Nutraceutical/drug regulation of foam cell cholesterol transport and plaque stability. LXR: Liver X receptors; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; NF-kappaB: Nuclear factor-kappaB; ABCA1: Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1; ABCG1: Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter G1; SRB-1: Scavenger receptor class B member 1; NADPH oxidase:: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase:; EGCG: Epigallocatechin gallate; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; PhyCB: Phycocyanobilin.