WNT/β-catenin signaling in urothelial carcinoma of bladder

Table 1 Therapeutic agents/ drugs/ microRNA molecules targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling components in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma of bladder

Therapeutic molecules	Mechanism of action	Ref.
Therapeutic agents/ drugs
Oridonin analogue CYD6-17	Targets β-catenin gene transcription by decreasing the binding affinity of X-box binding protein 1 to the promoter region	Chen et al[59]
Silibinin	Inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation, β-catenin nuclear translocation and transactivation, and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 gene transcription	Wu et al[60]
Curcumin	Reverses tumor smoke-elicited activation of Wnt/β-catenin	Liang et al[46]
Mediator complex subunit 19 (Med19)	Med19 knockdown reduces the activity of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and its target genes, including Wnt2, β-catenin, Cyclin-D1 and matrix metalloproteases 9	Yuan et al[58]
MicroRNAs
Onco-microRNAs
miR-135a	Downregulation of GSK-3β expression	Mao et al[54]
miR-940	Inhibits cell apoptosis via targeting inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type 1 A/GSK-3β	Wang et al[53]
miR-27a	Targets and downregulates secreted frizzled-related proteins 1 protein, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling pathway	Meng et al[52]
miR-23a	Upregulation of β-catenin	Meng et al[52]
miR-92	Activates Wnt/cellular myelocytomatosis (c-Myc)/matrix metalloproteases 7 signaling by targeting GSK-3β	Wang et al[55]
Tumor supressor-microRNAs
miR-532-5p	Targets high mobility protein B3 and downregulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Xie et al[50]
mir-139-5p	Blocks self-renewal of Urothelial cancer stem cells by inhibiting B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 homolog	Luo et al[61]
miR-200a	Directly interacts with 3'untranslated region of β-catenin and suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Su et al[62]
miR-374a	Downregulation of Wnt5a in T24 and TCCSUP bladder cancer cell lines	Chen et al[49]
miR-370-3p	Downregulation of Wnt7a in 5637 HM1 bladder cancer cell lines	Huang et al[48]
miR-1826	G1 cell cycle arrest via β-catenin/mitogen activated protein kinase 1/vascular endothelial growth factor C downregulation	Hirata et al[51]
miR-3619-5p	Downregulates β-catenin and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and activates tumor protein 21	Zhang et al[63]

GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β.