Update on kidney transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus infected recipients

Table 1 Causes of kidney disease in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients

Cause	Characteristics
HIVAN	Collapsing glomerulopathy in the setting of high grade HIV viremia
	Affects almost exclusively African Americans
	Manifests with high-grade proteinuria in the absence of hypertension
	Treated with antiretroviral therapy
HIV-immune complex	Manifests with hematuria and sub-nephrotic range proteinuria
	Variable presentation with AKI
	Poorly understood
Diabetic nephropathy	Similar presentation to patients without HIV. Proteinuria followed by decreased GFR
Hypertension	Similar presentation to patients without HIV
Thrombotic microangiopathy	Typically presents with AKI, subnephrotic range proteinuria with hematuria along with features of microagiopathic hemolytic anemia
IgA nephropathy	Hematuria with variable degree of proteinuria and decreased GFR
Tenofovir toxicity	Variable degree of decreased GFR with features of proximal tubular injury
Immune-complex membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and cryoglobulinemia in the setting of HCV co-infection	Nephritic syndrome picture with positive cryoglobulin and hypocomplementemia

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HIVAN: HIV-associated nephropathy; AKI: Acute kidney injury; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.