Hepatorenal syndrome: Update on diagnosis and treatment

Table 3 Risk factors for the onset of hepatorenal syndrome

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Large volume paracentesis (> 5 L) with inadequate albumin substitution

NSAID and other nephrotoxic drugs, iv contrast

Bleeding from esophageal varices

Post TIPS syndrome

Diuretic treatment

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis are leading trigger of HRS. One-third of patients with SBP develop HRS in the absence of septic shock. Diuretic treatment has been suggested as a potential trigger of HRS, but there are no clear supportive data for this. HRS: Hepatorenal syndrome; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.