African origins and chronic kidney disease susceptibility in the human immunodeficiency virus era

Figure 1 Historical timeline reflecting the discovery of genetic association to chronic kidney disease in populations with African ancestry. ¹Adapted from Kopp et al[³¹] and Kao et al[³⁰]; ²Adapted from Freedman et al[⁴⁹], Genovese et al[¹³], Tzur et al[²⁹]; ³Adapted from Genovese et al[⁸⁴]; ⁴Adapted from Kasembeli et al (2014 unpublished observations); ⁵Adapted from Freedman et al[⁶⁴]; ⁶Adapted from UNAIDS report on global AIDS epidemic[¹⁸]; ⁷Adapted from USRDS 2012 Annual Data Report. APOL1: Apolipoprotein L1; MYH9: Non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; CKD: Chronic kidney disease.