Role of insulin resistance in uric acid nephrolithiasis

Table 1 Insulin resistance and kidney stone formation

Ref.	Type	Year	n	Study population	Relevant variables	Conclusion
Taylor et al[8]	Prospective	2005	241623	Health professionals from 3 different study cohorts starting as early as 1980	Patient reported BMI, waist circumference, and incidence of nephrolithiasis	Obesity, weight gain, and waist circumference are positively associated with renal stone disease
Taylor et al[7]	Cross-sectional	2005	220478	Health professionals	Patient reported incidence of diabetes and kidney stones	Patients with DM have higher relative risk of having stones. Patients with kidney stones were more likely to develop DM
Rendina et al[27]	Cross-Sectional, single institution	2009	2132	Consecutive Caucasian inpatients in a single Italian hospital	AHA/NHLBI criteria for MetS diagnosis, kidney stones diagnosed on US	MetS, specifically HTN and obesity (in females) is significantly associated with US evidence of kidney stones
Chang et al[28]	Prospective, single institution	2011	3872	South Korean workers participating in comprehensive health exam from 2002-2009	National Cholesterol Education Program’s Third Adult Treatment Panel criteria for MetS diagnosis, kidney stone diagnosed on US	MetS is significantly associated with acidified urine and increased risk of kidney stones MetS over time as well as each additional MetS trait predicted development of kidney stones
Kabeya et al[9]	Cross-Sectional, single institution	2012	2717	Japanese patients undergoing MetS screening	Fasting serum insulin, FPG, HbA1c, US for diagnosis of kidney stone	Glycemic control may be an independent risk factor for kidney stones. The number of MetS traits is positively associated with kidney stone risk; specifically, patients with all 5 traits are at a 2.7 x increased risk of kidney stones compared to those with 2 traits
Kohjimoto et al[29]	Cross-Sectional	2013	11555	Japanese survey	MetS traits, incident kidney stones – multiple and recurrent	Increasing number of MetS traits increased stone burden

IR: Insulin resistance; AHA/NHLBI: American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; MetS: Metabolic syndrome; DM: Diabetes mellitus; UA: Uric acid.