Acute kidney injury due to bilateral ureteral obstruction in children

Table 1 Causes of bilateral or potentially bilateral ureteral obstruction in children

Categories of disease	Single entities or underlying causes
Urolithiasis	Idiopathic Neurologic disease Metabolic and genetic disorder Inflammatory bowel disease
Congenital urinary tract malformations	Obstructive megaureter Uretero-pelvic junction obstruction Duplicated collecting system Horseshoe kidney and other anomalies
Immuno-rheumatologic diseases	Necrotizing vasculitis Periarteritis nodosa Kawasaki disease Henoch-Schönlein purpura Eosinophilic ureteritis
Ureteral localization of infections	Fungal infections Viral infections Bacterial infections Tubercular infections
Other systemic infections	Rotavirus
Neoplastic intrinsic ureteral obstructions	Fibroepithelial polyps, ureteritis cystica, malignant neoplasms
Extrinsic ureteral obstructions	Abdomino-pelvic masses Familial adenomatous polyposis Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Iatrogenic trigonal obstruction/inflammation	Device-induced obstruction Bulking agents for vesico-ureteral reflux Obstruction after appendectomy