Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: A time to act?

Table 2 Epidemiological studies linking uric acid to chronic kidney disease

Ref.	Numerosity	Major findings
Madero et al[28]	840	CKD 3–4 and uric acid correlate with death but not with ESRD
Domronggkitchaiporn et al[29]	3499	Hyperuricemia (> 6.29 mg/dL) associated with increased odds (1.68) of reduced renal function
Iseki et al[30]	48177	Uric acid > 8 mg/dL increased CKD risk three-fold in men and 10-fold in women
Obermayr et al[31]	21475	Uric acid > 7 mg/dL increased risk of CKD 1.74-fold in men and 3.12-fold in women
Hsu et al[32]	177750	Higher uric acid quartile conferred 2.14-fold increased risk of ESRD over 25 years
Borges et al[33]	385	Elevated uric acid associated with 2.63-fold increased risk of CKD in hypertensive women
Chen et al[34]	5722	Uric acid associated with prevalent CKD in elderly
Sturm et al[35]	227	Uric acid predicted progression of CKD only in unadjusted sample
Weiner et al[36]	13338	Each 1 mg/dL increase in uric acid increased risk of CKD 7%–11%
Chonchol et al[37]	5808	Uric acid strongly associated with prevalent but weakly with incident CKD
Bellomo et al[38]	900	Each 1 mg increase in uric acid associated with 1.28 odds ratio of reduced e-GFR at 5 years
Ben-Dov et al[39]	2449	Uric acid > 6.5 mg/dL in men and > 5.3 mg/dL in women, associated with hazard ratios of 1.36 for all-cause mortality and 2.14 for incident CKD

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ESRD: End stage renal disease; e-GFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.