Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: A time to act?

Table 1 Causes of hyperuricemia

Drugs: Diuretics, salicylates, pirazinamide, cyclosporine, nicotinic acid

Diet: Excess intake of purine rich foods, such as animal internal organs, sweetbreads, anchovies, sardines, liver, beef kidneys, brains, meat extracts, herring, mackerel, game meats, beer and alcoholic beverages

High dietary fructose intake

Ketogenic diet

Starvation

Reduced excretion due to chronic kidney disease

Malignancies, polycythaemia vera, haemolytic anaemias and other conditions with a rapid cellular turnover

Genetic causes: Mutations in enzymes involved in purine metabolism, such as xanthine oxidase, urate transporter/channel, organic anion transporters 1 and 3 and urate transporter 1, UMOD associated renal diseases, phosphofructokinase deficiency

Lead toxicity