Depression in chronic kidney disease and dialysis: A psychonephrology narrative review

Table 3 Enumerates various screening tools which have been validated in people with chronic kidney disease

Screening tool	Number of questions	Time	Kidney population studied	Desired score/cut-off	Strengths and limitations
Beck Depression Inventory-II[55-57]	21	15-20 minutes	CKD (all stages), especially HD and PD	≥ 11-14 (CKD stage 1-5), ≥ 16 (dialysis)	Widely used in dialysis; limitation: Somatic symptom overlap → overestimation, time consuming
Patient Health Questionnaire-9[57]	9	Approximately 5 minutes	CKD stages 3-5, HD, PD	≥ 10 non-dialysis CKD; > 12-15 (HD)	Quick, freely available; limitation: Somatic confounding
Patient Health Questionnaire-2	2	< 2 minutes	CKD and dialysis screening	≥ 3 non-dialysis CKD and HD and PD	Ultra-rapid, sensitive; limitation: Low specificity → needs follow-up
Hospital anxiety Depression scale[61,62]	7	5-10 minutes	HD, PD	≥ 7 non-dialysis CKD, HD, PD	Avoids somatic symptoms → better in CKD; limitation: Not diagnostic
Centre for Epidemiologic studies Depression scale[56]	20	5-10 minutes	HD	≥ 18	Good for population screening; limitation: Low specificity in chronic illness
Hamilton Depression rating scale[63]	21	15-20 minutes	CKD and dialysis patient	≥ 10 non-dialysis CKD, HD, PD	Freely available; limitation: Time-consuming, emphasize few symptoms over other
Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form[64]	15	10-15 minutes	Elderly on hemodialysis	≥ 5 non-dialysis CKD, HD, PD	Simple for elderly; limitation: Not valid in younger patients
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology[58]	16	5-7 minutes	Non dialysis CKD	≥ 10	DSM-based, brief; limitation: Limited CKD validation

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HD: Hemodialysis; PD: Peritoneal dialysis; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.