Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial

Table 6 Follow-up laboratory data of the studied group after three months, mean ± SD

	Lactulose group (n = 50)	LA group (n = 50)	Control group (n = 50)	P value	1P value	2P value	3P value
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)	10.86 ± 2.15	10.93 ± 2.02	10.98 ± 2.0	0.58	0.88	0.29	0.4
Platelets (103/μL)	281.68 ± 55.52	270.89 ± 69.83	288.91 ± 43.52	0.43	0.65	0.22	0.33
Leucocytes (103/μL)	5.93 ± 2.71	6.04 ± 2.33	5.36 ± 1.89	0.41	0.63	0.21	0.32
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.69 ± 0.31	1.36 ± 0.07	1.6 ± 0.11	0.43	0.65	0.22	0.33
Albumin (g/dL)	3.6 ± 1.1	3.7 ± 0.72	3.11 ± 0.97	0.53	0.75	0.27	0.38
AST (U/L)	30.95 ± 3.02	29.73 ± 4.82	30.36 ± 6.47	0.63	0.85	0.32	0.43
ALT (U/L)	29.37 ± 3.1	28.85 ± 4.58	24.88 ± 8.3	0.13	0.35	0.07	0.18
Urea (mg/dL)	50.11 ± 4.43	47.04 ± 5.57	54.07 ± 10.22	0.44	0.66	0.22	0.33
Creatinine (mg/dL)	3.28 ± 1.98	3.22 ± 1.45	3.65 ± 1.56	0.53	0.75	0.27	0.38
ACR	120.57 ± 13.45	109.33 ± 21.45	114.33 ± 22.22	0.25	0.47	0.13	0.24
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	50.55 ± 7.77	54.66 ± 5.66	53.44 ± 3.17	0.11	0.33	0.06	0.17
Sodium (mmol/L)	133.37 ± 0.21	132.27 ± 0.42	132.81 ± 0.69	0.48	0.7	0.24	0.35
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.88 ± 1.09	5.25 ± 0.78	4.14 ± 1.59	0.24	0.46	0.12	0.23
Calcium (mg/dL)	9.55 ± 2.11	9.23 ± 2.08	9.35 ± 1.38	0.59	0.81	0.3	0.41
Magnesium (mmol/L)	1.68 ± 0.45	2.05 ± 1.23	2.03 ± 0.41	0.24	0.46	0.12	0.23
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	4.19 ± 0.83	5.38 ± 1.68	4.83 ± 1.65	0.43	0.65	0.22	0.33
RBS (mg/dL)	208.11 ± 58.12	211.13 ± 55.3	220.95 ± 27.45	0.13	0.35	0.07	0.18
HbA1C (%)	7.21 ± 1.03	7.55 ± 0.92	7.76 ± 0.35	0.11	0.33	0.06	0.17
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	202.83 ± 24.56	205.26 ± 44.84	220.04 ± 45.97	0.12	0.34	0.06	0.17
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	133.74 ± 28.31	129.43 ± 33.03	135.54 ± 18.23	0.47	0.69	0.24	0.35
LDL (mg/dL)	119.18 ± 24.18	122.25 ± 50.27	109.7 ± 34.54	0.11	0.33	0.06	0.17
HDL (mg/dL)	48.07 ± 7.91	50.19 ± 7.4	49.64 ± 5.87	0.1	0.32	0.05	0.16

¹P: Lactulose group vs Lactobacillus acidophilus group.

²P: Lactulose group vs control group.

³P: Lactobacillus acidophilus group vs control group.

LA: Lactobacillus acidophilus; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ACR: Albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; RBS: Random blood sugar; HbA1C: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoproteins.