Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial

Table 5 Follow-up laboratory data of the studied group after two months, mean ± SD

	Lactulose group (n = 50)	LA group (n = 50)	Control group (n = 50)	P value	1P value	2P value	3P value
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)	10.87 ± 2.11	10.90 ± 2.01	10.73 ± 2.45	0.55	0.92	0.30	0.12
Platelets (103/μL)	301 ± 66.56	312.40 ± 55.67	299.02 ± 60.55	0.40	0.46	0.19	0.10
Leucocytes (103/μL)	7.11 ± 1.78	7.90 ± 3.09	7.09 ± 2.01	0.38	0.78	0.80	0.34
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.01 ± 0.21	0.98 ± 0.10	0.95 ± 0.01	0.91	0.91	0.70	0.19
Albumin (g/dL)	3.38 ± 0.45	3.36 ± 0.40	3.34 ± 0.99	0.50	0.65	0.88	0.50
AST (U/L)	33.19 ± 4.90	36.24 ± 1.09	31.57 ± 5.60	0.60	0.45	0.11	0.65
ALT (U/L)	35.67 ± 5.90	33.11 ± 5.60	39.11 ± 8.01	0.10	0.22	0.50	0.89
Urea (mg/dL)	52.98 ± 1.64	53.45 ± 4.98	55.60 ± 4.36	0.80	0.22	0.19	0.67
Creatinine (mg/dL)	3.57 ± 1.22	4 ± 1.13	3.88 ± 1.65	0.50	0.10	0.21	0.78
ACR	119.91 ± 14.56	115.06 ± 23.67	112.31 ± 19.45	0.22	0.12	0.45	0.22
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	49.56 ± 2.59	49.89 ± 3.56	50.11 ± 7.01	0.08	0.93	0.45	0.11
Sodium (mmol/L)	133.27 ± 0.10	133.14 ± 0.37	132.45 ± 0.08	0.45	0.16	0.98	0.54
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.01 ± 1.23	4.06 ± 1.07	3.98 ± 1.01	0.21	0.09	0.10	0.42
Calcium (mg/dL)	8.90 ± 1.67	8.67 ± 2.01	9.19 ± 0.56	0.56	0.31	0.98	0.12
Magnesium (mmol/L)	2.07 ± 0.10	1.98 ± 0.45	2.21 ± 0.60	0.21	0.56	0.88	0.91
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	4.76 ± 0.61	5.09 ± 1.22	4.20 ± 0.56	0.40	0.23	0.11	0.59
RBS (mg/dL)	210.11 ± 4.35	209.1 ± 55.52	219.45 ± 27.90	0.10	0.19	0.40	0.86
HbA1C (%)	6.90 ± 1.25	7.14 ± 0.48	7.22 ± 0.19	0.08	0.20	0.18	0.50
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	231.56 ± 24.11	234.18 ± 44.99	230.11 ± 23.19	0.09	0.29	0.40	0.21
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	134.56 ± 28.67	132.88 ± 17.90	130.65 ± 22.19	0.44	0.13	0.63	0.87
LDL (mg/dL)	145.67 ± 24.11	140.56 ± 34.60	130.05 ± 33.01	0.08	0.17	0.20	0.18
HDL (mg/dL)	49.11 ± 7.01	50.47 ± 5.60	48.56 ± 6.90	0.07	0.08	0.30	0.19

¹P: Lactulose group vs Lactobacillus acidophilus group.

²P: Lactulose group vs control group.

³P: Lactobacillus acidophilus group vs control group.

LA: Lactobacillus acidophilus; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ACR: Albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; RBS: Random blood sugar; HbA1C: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoproteins.