Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Follow-up laboratory data of the studied group after one month, mean ± SD

	Lactulose group (n = 50)	LA group (n = 50)	Control group (n = 50)	P value	1P value	2P value	3P value
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)	10.90 ± 2.45	10.60 ± 2.34	10.83 ± 1.76	0.67	0.32	0.33	0.13
Platelets (103/μL)	291.89 ± 55.11	281.90 ± 45.67	289.11 ± 54.10	0.44	0.36	00.9	0.18
Leucocytes (103/μL)	6.46 ± 2.78	7.18 ± 2.98	6.66 ± 2.17	0.45	0.22	0.12	0.34
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.90 ± 0.21	1.01 ± 0.12	0.95 ± 0.04	0.99	0.92	0.72	0.10
Albumin (g/dL)	3.39 ± 1.22	3.38 ± 0.43	3.39 ± 0.95	0.54	0.45	0.88	0.57
AST (U/L)	23.89 ± 3.90	30.24 ± 4.36	30.57 ± 6.89	0.63	0.25	0.87	0.65
ALT (U/L)	30.19 ± 3.11	28.68 ± 4.77	24.46 ± 8.17	0.14	0.63	0.49	0.81
Urea (mg/dL)	56.12 ± 5.64	52.9 ± 9.97	55.65 ± 8.36	0.87	0.16	0.18	0.57
Creatinine (mg/dL)	3.67 ± 0.81	4.02 ± 1.03	3.85 ± 1.82	0.54	0.07	0.68	0.56
ACR	120.91 ± 25.24	110.46 ± 33.71	109.31 ± 25.93	0.06	0.19	0.68	0.09
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	47.56 ± 9.59	49.61 ± 8.74	50.32 ± 7.98	0.08	0.83	0.78	0.87
Sodium (mmol/L)	133.27 ± 0.11	132.34 ± 0.47	132.75 ± 0.58	0.88	0.12	0.74	0.42
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.56 ± 1.18	4.36 ± 1.07	4.56 ± 1.61	0.61	0.09	0.96	0.55
Calcium (mg/dL)	8.97 ± 2.11	8.68 ± 2.13	9.29 ± 0.94	0.74	0.45	0.38	0.55
Magnesium (mmol/L)	2.17 ± -0.12	1.82 ± 1.03	2.22 ± 0.66	0.21	0.96	0.86	0.91
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	4.74 ± 0.61	5.11 ± 1.61	4.21 ± 1.74	0.38	0.29	0.72	0.59
RBS (mg/dL)	214.45 ± 50.71	211.1 ± 55.52	220.75 ± 27.47	0.14	0.95	0.81	0.95
HbA1C (%)	6.76 ± 1.25	7.04 ± 0.56	7.56 ± 0.26	0.78	0.99	0.56	0.71
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	203.47 ± 24.66	205.08 ± 44.98	219.74 ± 45.84	0.79	0.39	0.75	0.21
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	133.11 ± 28.42	128.88 ± 33.32	135.66 ± 18.06	0.96	0.14	0.63	0.12
LDL (mg/dL)	108.62 ± 24.34	122.45 ± 50.29	109.65 ± 34.81	0.88	0.45	0.07	0.58
HDL (mg/dL)	46.78 ± 7.60	50.37 ± 7.18	49.77 ± 5.6	0.97	0.09	0.28	0.32

¹P: Lactulose group vs Lactobacillus acidophilus group.

²P: Lactulose group vs control group.

³P: Lactobacillus acidophilus group vs control group.

LA: Lactobacillus acidophilus; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ACR: Albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; RBS: Random blood sugar; HbA1C: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoproteins.