Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Baseline laboratory data of the studied groups, mean ± SD

	Lactulose group (n = 50)	LA group (n = 50)	Control group (n = 50)	P value	1P value	2P value	3P value
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)	10.52 ± 2.11	10.93 ± 1.87	10.56 ± 1.94	0.22	0.09	0.17	0.18
Platelets (103/μL)	282.17 ± 55.67	271.25 ± 69.56	289.20 ± 43.41	0.64	0.76	0.06	0.22
Leucocytes (103/μL)	5.55 ± 2.56	5.90 ± 2.33	5.09 ± 2.19	0.90	0.56	0.10	0.78
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.01 ± 0.50	0.99 ± 0.11	1.11 ± 0.21	0.12	0.09	0.34	0.19
Albumin (g/dL)	3.33 ± 1.21	3.21 ± 0.69	3.30 ± 0.87	0.38	0.73	0.69	0.28
AST (U/L)	31.09 ± 2.87	30.09 ± 4.56	30.66 ± 6.70	0.68	0.31	0.54	0.11
ALT (U/L)	29.45 ± 3.19	28.44 ± 4.59	24.56 ± 8.33	0.09	0.57	0.50	0.75
Urea (mg/dL)	56.34 ± 5.60	53.04 ± 9.97	55.67 ± 8.56	0.43	0.51	0.37	0.49
Creatinine (mg/dL)	3.90 ± 1.11	4.05 ± 1.22	3.88 ± 1.99	0.18	0.18	0.19	0.35
ACR	123.05 ± 25.17	113.16 ± 33.93	115.07 ± 25.67	0.58	0.78	0.43	0.18
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	46.57 ± 9.89	48.17 ± 8.64	50.45 ± 7.11	0.77	0.67	0.08	0.50
Sodium (mmol/L)	133.15 ± 0.05	132.01 ± 0.26	133.03 ± 0.84	0.10	0.78	0.45	0.22
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.91 ± 1.33	4.82 ± 0.87	4.06 ± 1.87	0.09	0.10	0.08	0.11
Calcium (mg/dL)	9.06 ± 1.89	9.17 ± 2.31	8.93 ± 1.23	0.72	0.22	0.21	0.67
Magnesium (mmol/L)	1.79 ± 0.15	1.71 ± 0.99	1.81 ± 0.49	0.33	0.44	0.32	0.08
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	4.50 ± 0.81	4.93 ± 1.83	4.65 ± 1.45	0.21	0.09	0.45	0.33
RBS (mg/dL)	208.08 ± 8511	211.17 ± 55.43	221.03 ± 27.45	0.22	0.21	0.56	0.56
HbA1C (%)	7.19 ± 1.22	7.43 ± 0.70	8.01 ± 0.44	0.54	0.45	0.44	0.41
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	203.09 ± 24.56	205.15 ± 45.10	219.79 ± 45.67	0.09	0.67	0.09	0.21
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	133.94 ± 28.29	129.33 ± 33.10	135.90 ± 18.11	0.20	0.11	0.67	0.98
LDL (mg/dL)	119.01 ± 24.21	122.09 ± 50.43	109.81 ± 34.54	0.19	0.76	0.15	0.51
HDL (mg/dL)	48.11 ± 7.66	50.45 ± 7.22	49.41 ± 5.89	0.32	0.07	0.23	0.07

¹P: Lactulose group vs Lactobacillus acidophilus group.

²P: Lactulose group vs control group.

³P: Lactobacillus acidophilus group vs control group.

LA: Lactobacillus acidophilus; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ACR: Albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; RBS: Random blood sugar; HbA1C: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoproteins.