Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial

doi:10.5527/wjn.120870

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Randomized Controlled Trial

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Nephrol. Sep 25, 2026; 15(3): 120870
Published online Sep 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.120870

Table 2 Uremic manifestations among the studied groups during different times, n (%)/mean ± SD

	Lactulose group (n = 50)	LA group (n = 50)	Control group (n = 50)	P value	¹P value	²P value	³P value
At baseline
Dyspnea	1 (2)	0	2 (4)	0.45	0.96	0.11	0.55
Vomiting	1 (2)	2 (4)	1 (2)	0.33	0.11	0.06	0.30
Lower limb edema	0	1 (2)	1 (2)	0.87	0.96	0.96	0.06
SBP (mmHg)	134.56 ± 23.45	136.55 ± 32.11	139.19 ± 44.44	0.09	0.22	0.10	0.34
DBP (mmHg)	89.09 ± 8.54	90.11 ± 8.88	88.34 ± 10.22	0.54	0.76	0.56	0.10
UOP (mL/24 hours)	2330.11 ± 795.56	2311.67 ± 897.65	2404.44 ± 453.22	0.07	0.46	0.08	0.77
End of 1^st month
Dyspnea	1 (2)	0	1 (2)	0.45	0.96	0.10	0.96
Vomiting	1 (2)	0	0	0.33	0.96	0.96	-
Lower limb edema	0	1 (2)	1 (2)	0.45	0.96	0.96	0.10
SBP (mmHg)	131.09 ± 22.19	132.60 ± 19.56	132.56 ± 23.10	0.76	0.39	0.21	0.08
DBP (mmHg)	85.67 ± 8.56	88.56 ± 8.19	88.90 ± 10.87	0.40	0.34	0.10	0.19
UOP (mL/24 hours)	2345.01 ± 675.56	2401.10 ± 453.67	2398.01 ± 542.22	0.56	009	0.21	0.45
End of 2^nd month
Dyspnea	1 (2)	0	0	0.33	0.96	0.96	-
Vomiting	0	0	1 (2)	0.33	-	0.96	0.96
Lower limb edema	0	1 (2)	0	0.33	0.96	-	0.96
SBP (mmHg)	131.23 ± 13.56	130.79 ± 19.21	132.89 ± 18.50	0.76	0.39	0.21	0.08
DBP (mmHg)	87 ± 9.59	87.56 ± 7.89	86.54 ± 11.34	0.40	0.34	0.10	0.19
UOP (mL/24 hours)	2456.78 ± 609	2490.67 ± 444	2500.1 ± 600.11	0.56	009	0.21	0.45
End of 3^rd month
Dyspnea	1 (2)	0	1 (2)	0.43	0.96	0.06	0.96
Vomiting	1 (2)	1 (2)	0	0.43	0.06	0.96	0.96
Lower limb edema	1 (2)	0	1 (2)	0.43	0.96	0.06	0.96
SBP (mmHg)	132.11 ± 23.34	133.99 ± 22.17	138.10 ± 22.19	0.33	0.62	0.56	0.22
DBP (mmHg)	88.87 ± 20.22	89.65 ± 7.65	90.44 ± 9.56	0.40	0.66	0.06	0.10
UOP (mL/24 hours)	2356.76 ± 654.33	2401.11 ± 456.65	2404.44 ± 675.55	0.31	0.40	0.87	0.76

¹P: Lactulose group vs Lactobacillus acidophilus group.

²P: Lactulose group vs control group.

³P: Lactobacillus acidophilus group vs control group.

LA: Lactobacillus acidophilus; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; UOP: Urine output.

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Citation: Mubarak AS, Elshazly A, Mokhtar A, Gadelkareem RA, Azoz NM. Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(3): 120870
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v15/i3/120870.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.120870

Mubarak AS, Elshazly A, Mokhtar A, Gadelkareem RA, Azoz NM. Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(3): 120870 [PMID: 42626286 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.120870]

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