Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial

doi:10.5527/wjn.120870

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Randomized Controlled Trial

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Nephrol. Sep 25, 2026; 15(3): 120870
Published online Sep 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.120870

Table 1 Baseline data of the studied groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

	Lactulose group (n = 50)	LA group (n = 50)	Control group (n = 50)	P value	¹P value	²P value	³P value
Age (years)	46.34 ± 7.11	52.11 ± 3.67	50.11 ± 4.55	0.09	0.30	0.12	0.31
Sex				0.70	0.69	0.76	0.43
Male	30 (60)	35 (70)	32 (64)
Female	20 (40)	15 (30)	18 (36)
BMI (kg/m²)	25.55 ± 2.35	24.57 ± 4.01	25.08 ± 3.18	0.45	0.30	0.06	0.21
Current smoking	10 (20)	11 (22)	14 (28)	0.90	0.87	0.28	0.45
DM	20 (40)	21 (42)	23 (46)	0.32	0.06	0.11	0.66
HTN	18 (36)	17 (34)	20 (40)	0.06	0.55	0.05	0.50
COPD	5 (10)	5 (10)	6 (12)	0.21	0.65	0.55	0.45
Dyslipidemia	3 (6)	2 (4)	4 (8)	0.55	0.45	0.21	0.19
Stages of CKD				0.64	0.76	0.21	0.10
Stage-III	19 (38)	20 (40)	17 (34)
Stage-IV	16 (32)	18 (36)	17 (34)
Stage-Va	15 (30)	12 (24)	16 (32)

¹P: Lactulose group vs Lactobacillus acidophilus group.

²P: Lactulose group vs control group.

³P: Lactobacillus acidophilus group vs control group.

LA: Lactobacillus acidophilus; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HTN: Hypertension; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease.

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Citation: Mubarak AS, Elshazly A, Mokhtar A, Gadelkareem RA, Azoz NM. Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(3): 120870
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v15/i3/120870.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.120870

Mubarak AS, Elshazly A, Mokhtar A, Gadelkareem RA, Azoz NM. Lactulose vs Lactobacillus acidophilus for patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(3): 120870 [PMID: 42626286 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.120870]

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