Integrated biomarkers and renal Doppler for early acute kidney injury diagnosis in hepatitis C virus cirrhosis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and liver function by acute kidney injury status, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	Non-AKI (n = 42)	Pre-renal AKI (n = 43)	Hepatorenal syndrome (n = 20)	Acute tubular necrosis (n = 15)	P value
Age (years)	52.4 ± 11.0	54.1 ± 10.8	56.6 ± 9.7	55.1 ± 10.4	0.12
Male sex	24 (57.1)	31 (72.1)	14 (70.0)	11 (73.3)	0.34
Model for End-Stage Liver Disease includes serum sodium score	16.8 ± 4.2	20.3 ± 5.1b	24.2 ± 5.4	23.7 ± 5.3	< 0.001
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.4a	2.0 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.7	< 0.001
Fractional excretion of sodium (%)	0.08 ± 0.1	0.05 ± 0.1a	0.11 ± 0.1c	0.26 ± 0.2b,c	< 0.001
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	2.3 ± 1.2	3.8 ± 1.9a	5.7 ± 2.0	5.3 ± 2.2	< 0.001
Albumin (g/dL)	3.2 ± 0.5	2.9 ± 0.4a	2.6 ± 0.3	2.4 ± 0.4	< 0.001
International normalised ratio	1.3 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.3a	1.9 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.3	< 0.001
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	32 ± 14	36 ± 16	40 ± 17	39 ± 15	0.09
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	45 ± 18	49 ± 20	61 ± 22a	58 ± 21a	0.03
AKI onset	-				0.55
Prevalent (at admission)	-	30 (69.8)	12 (60.0)	10 (66.7)
Incident (post-admission)	-	13 (30.2)	8 (40.0)	5 (33.3)

^aP < 0.05 vs non-acute kidney injury.

^bP < 0.01 vs pre-renal acute kidney injury.

^cP < 0.01 vs hepatorenal syndrome using analysis of variance and Tukey’s correction.

AKI: Acute kidney injury.