Can preoperative parameters and histopathology of the vessels affect arteriovenous fistula outcomes? A prospective observational study

Figure 2 Distribution of vessel wall histopathological findings from intraoperative edge biopsy samples. Bar chart showing the proportion of patients with normal vessel wall morphology and abnormal histopathological findings. Among abnormal biopsies, the predominant abnormalities included intimal hyperplasia, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, and calcification. Multiple pathological features were present in some specimens.