Gut microbiota in a Saudi population with chronic kidney disease

Figure 7 Bacteria-phage-function co-occurrence networks across chronic kidney disease-related groups. A: Control: Network of significant co-occurrence associations among bacterial taxa (nodes colored by phylum), a viral/phage taxon (e.g., Moineauvirus), virulence factor (VF) classes, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG pathways) in healthy controls. Node size reflects relative abundance, and edges indicate significant associations; B: Chronic kidney disease (CKD): Corresponding integrated network for predialysis CKD samples, illustrating group-specific shifts in connectivity between bacterial phyla and linked functional features (VFs and KEGG pathways) and viral/phage signals; C: Hemodialysis (HD): Integrated network for HD patients, showing the pattern of significant associations among bacterial taxa, the viral/phage component, and functional features after initiation of HD; D: Peritoneal dialysis (PD): Integrated network for PD patients, depicting associations among bacterial taxa, viral/phage features, VFs, and KEGG pathways under PD across panels, node shape distinguishes feature type (taxon vs VF vs KEGG pathway vs virus/phage, as indicated in the figure key), node color denotes bacterial phylum for bacterial taxa, and edge thickness reflects association strength. CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HD: Hemodialysis; PD: Peritoneal dialysis.