Gut microbiota in a Saudi population with chronic kidney disease

Figure 6 Phylum-level co-occurrence networks of the gut microbiome across chronic kidney diseaseand dialysis groups. Circular chord diagrams summarize pairwise co-occurrence relationships among gut microbial phyla in healthy controls (top left), nondialysis chronic kidney diseaseand (top right), hemodialysis (bottom left), and peritoneal dialysis (bottom right). Each colored outer segment represents a microbial phylum (color key at right); segment length reflects the relative abundance of that phylum within the group. Inner ribbons connect phyla with significant co-occurrence, with ribbon width proportional to association strength, enabling comparison of changes in community structure and cross-phyla connectivity across chronic kidney diseaseand progression and dialysis modalities. CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HD: Hemodialysis; PD: Peritoneal dialysis.