Gut microbiota in a Saudi population with chronic kidney disease

Figure 5 Cross-group virulence and metabolic architectures in chronic kidney disease. A: Thirty most prevalent virulence factors (VFs) across sample groups. Each row represents a VF (gene or gene cluster associated with pathogenicity). The first four columns show prevalence within each group (control, chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis); bubble size and color indicate prevalence/abundance. The six columns on the right display pairwise group comparisons (Fisher’s exact test); red and blue bubbles denote VFs significantly increased or decreased, respectively, in the row group relative to the column group (adjusted P value); B: VF categories across groups. Bubble plot summarizing major VF functional classes (for example, immune modulation, adherence, motility, invasion, biofilm, stress survival). Left columns show category prevalence in each group (bubble size proportional to prevalence; color indicating magnitude); right columns show pairwise comparisons with bubble color indicating direction (purple = higher, blue = lower) and bubble size reflecting -log10 (P value) (adjusted for multiple testing); C: Metabolic pathway architectures across groups. Bubble plot of metagenomically predicted metabolic pathways (for example, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, carbon fixation, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, citrate cycle, nitrogen metabolism, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis). Left columns show pathway prevalence/abundance per group; right columns show pairwise comparisons with bubble size indicating significance [-log10 (P value)] and color indicating direction and magnitude of log10 (fold change), with purple and blue indicating enriched or depleted pathways after multiple-testing correction.