Gut microbiota in a Saudi population with chronic kidney disease

Figure 2 Study design and taxonomic architectures. A: Sample group setting of the study; B: Species richness (Chao 1) across sample groups. The peritoneal dialysis group had the lowest species richness among all the groups (Wilcoxon test, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01). Lower species richness is often associated with disease and is generally thought to lead to decreased resilience; C: Principal coordinate analysis of the species abundance matrix showing deviations in the microbial compositions among the four sample groups; D: Microbial species compositions of the microbial community across groups (top 50 species in each sample group); E: Bubble plot showing differentially abundant key bacterial genera across control, chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis groups. Bubble size represents relative abundance (%), and bubble color represents the log10 (false discovery rate-adjusted P value) for group differences. The accompanying comparison panel summarizes pairwise between-group differences, with color indicating the direction of change between the indicated groups. CKD: Chronic kidney disease; PD: Peritoneal dialysis; HD: Hemodialysis.