Critical care considerations in rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury and kidney replacement therapy

Table 2 Differential diagnoses of rhabdomyolysis[1,20,21,24]

	Urine dipstick (blood)	Urine microscopy	Creatine kinase level	Liver function test	Electrocardiogram changes
Rhabdomyolysis	Positive	No/minimal RBCs	High (often > 1000 IU/L)	AST raised; AST > ALT; normal GGT/ALP	Absent
Hematuria	Positive	Raised RBCs	Normal	Normal	Absent
Hemoglobulinuria	Positive	No RBCs	Normal	Raised indirect bilirubin	Absent
Myocardial infarction	Negative	No RBCs	Mild-moderately increased	Normal (may have mildly raised AST)	Present (ST elevations)
Liver disease	Negative	No RBCs	Normal	Raised AST, ALT, GGT/ALP, bilirubin; AST ≥ ALT	Absent

RBC: Red blood cell; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase.