Critical care considerations in rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury and kidney replacement therapy

Table 1 Causes of rhabdomyolysis[16,20,73,105,106]

Acquired
Trauma	Crush injuries; compression; electrical injury
Exertion	Strenuous activities; seizures; alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Prolonged immobilisation	Surgery (vascular, orthopaedic)
Body temperature changes	Malignant hyperthermia; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; exposure to extreme heat; hypothermia
Infections	Influenza A and B; coxsackie virus; Epstein-Barr virus; primary human immunodeficiency virus; Legionella species; Streptococcus pyogenes; Staphylococcus aureus; enterobacteria
Drugs and toxins	Lipid-lowering drugs (statins, fibrates, ezetimibe); antibiotics (macrolides, protein synthesis inhibitors, quinolones); antivirals; antiparasitics; anaesthetics (succinylcholine, propofol); heroin, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, amphetamine
Electrolyte imbalances	Hypokalaemia; hypophosphatemia; hypocalcaemia; diabetic ketoacidosis
Inflammatory myopathy	Dermatomyositis; polymyositis; overlap myositis
Genetic
Disorders of lipid metabolism	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism	McArdle’s disease; Tarui’s disease
Mitochondrial myopathy	Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency