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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Nephrol. Jun 25, 2026; 15(2): 117719
Published online Jun 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v15.i2.117719
Figure 4
Figure 4 Closed-loop artificial intelligence-enabled management of chronic kidney disease complications. Conceptual feedback loop illustrating continuous data acquisition, prediction, intervention, and response updating to support dynamic and adaptive management of chronic kidney disease-related complications using artificial intelligence. AI: Artificial intelligence; IDH: Intradialytic hypotension; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; CKD-MBD: CKD-mineral and bone disorder; ESA: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; UF: Ultrafiltration.


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