Artificial intelligence in chronic kidney disease: Early detection, risk prediction, and personalized treatment strategies

Table 6 Applications of artificial intelligence across the kidney transplantation continuum

Phase	Clinical task	AI approach	Key performance	Clinical role	Ref.
Pre-transplant	Allocation and offer ranking	ML survival, ranking models	C-index 0.63-0.79	Decision support	[77]
Pre-transplant	Immunologic risk	Eplet mismatch ML	Risk reclassification	Equity-aware support	[78]
Peri-transplant	Biopsy assessment	DL (WSI)	AUC up to 0.94	Diagnostic support	[82]
Post-transplant	Tacrolimus dosing	LSTM, PK-ML	↓ Dosing error	Dose support	[86]
Post-transplant	Remote monitoring	Wearables + ML	Improved adherence	Surveillance support	[90]

LSTM: Long short-term memory; PK-ML: Pharmacokinetic-machine learning; DL (WSI): Deep learning applied to whole-slide images; AI: Artificial intelligence; ML: Machine learning; AUC: Area under the curve.