Artificial intelligence in chronic kidney disease: Early detection, risk prediction, and personalized treatment strategies

Table 4 Clinical decision-support applications of artificial intelligence across chronic kidney disease treatment domains

Treatment domain	Clinical task	AI role	Performance range	Decision-support vs automation	Ref.
Pharmacotherapy	Nephrotoxicity risk	Monitoring and dose support	AUROC 0.72-0.86	Decision support	[52,53]
RAAS therapy	Hyperkalemia prediction	Monitoring intensity	AUROC 0.72-0.86	Decision support	[56]
Dialysis planning	Timing and access planning	Risk stratification	Improved time-dependent C-index	Decision support	[57]
Intradialytic care	IDH prediction	Preemptive adjustment	Sens. 0.78-0.88	Conditional automation	[58]
Peritoneal dialysis	Peritonitis risk	Surveillance tailoring	AUROC 0.75-0.88	Decision support	[61]

“Conditional automation” denotes algorithm-initiated actions requiring clinician confirmation. AI: Artificial intelligence; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; IDH: Intradialytic hypotension; AUROC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.