Alpha-1-microglobulin as an early biomarker in renal extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection

Table 1 Demographic and laboratory characteristics of studied populations, mean ± SD (range)/n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Cases (n = 79)	Controls (n = 79)	P value (F1)1
Age	49.92 ± 17.23 (20-80)	45.92 ± 16.42 (20-88)	0.140
Gender			0.737
Male	53 (67.1)	51 (64.6)
Female	26 (32.9)	28 (35.4)
Blood picture
White blood cells	5 (2.0-10.0)	5 (2.4-10.0)	0.083
Hemoglobin	12.13 ± 1.77 (8.0-16.0)	12.90 ± 2.01 (6.5-17.0)	0.012
Platelets	191.00 (34-519)	275.00 (68-815)	< 0.001
Kidney functions
Blood urea	4.51 ± 1.43 (2.0-10.0)	4.60 ± 1.21 (2.6-9.0)	0.702
Serum creatinine	72.87 ± 26.48 (30-181)	72.51 ± 17.27 (30-120)	0.919
eGFR	103.92 ± 29.23 (32-175)	101.78 ± 21.80 (55-151)	0.605
Urinary alpha-one-microglobulin	4.11 ± 1.52 (2.11-9.18)	2.54 ± 0.78 (0.77-3.97)	< 0.001
Liver function tests
Total bilirubin	8.00 (3.0-136.0)	7.00 (1.0-19.0)	0.141
Direct bilirubin	5.50 (0.9-96.0)	4.00 (1.0-13.0)	< 0.001
Aspartate aminotransferase	40.00 (12-124)	26.00 (10-87)	< 0.001
Alanine aminotransferase	38.00 (10-130)	26.00 (7-130)	< 0.001
Alkaline phosphatase	67.00 (40-466)	55.00 (38-90)	< 0.001
Albumin	33.90 ± 7.17 (13.0-49.0)	36.87 ± 4.19 (28.0-46.0)	0.002
Coagulation profile
Prothrombin concentration			< 0.001
Normal	54 (70.1)	79 (100.0)
Impaired	23 (29.9)	0 (0.0)
INR			< 0.001
Normal	54 (70.1)	79 (100.0)
Impaired	23 (29.9)	0 (0.0)
Blood glucose			0.999
Normal	78 (98.7)	79 (100.0)
High	1 (1.3)	0 (0.0)
Hemoglobin A1C			0.999
Normal	78 (98.7)	79 (100.0)
Abnormal	1 (1.3)	0 (0.0)

¹F1: Independent t-test quantitative data between two groups. χ² test for qualitative data between the two groups.

eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; INR: International normalized ratio.