Gut-kidney axis: Dysbiosis and renal disease

Table 8 Human studies reporting the use of probiotics in chronic kidney disease

Ref.	Probiotics	Study	Results
Viramontes-Hörner et al[82]	Symbiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis	Multicenter double-blind randomized trial, n = 42; HD	Safe; improve gastrointestinal symptoms
Pavan et al[83]	Symbiotic: Prebiotic + probiotic	Prospective observation placebo-controlled, n = 24 CKD	Slowing of progression of kidney disease
Natarajan et al[84]	Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum	Single center, double blind, placebo controlled trial, n = 22 HD	Improvement of quality of life. Reduction of serum indoxyl glucuronide and C reactive protein
Ranganathan et al[85]	Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium longum	Multicenter, prospective, randomized, double blind, n = 46 CKD	Reduction in blood urea nitrogen. Improvement in quality of life
Ranganathan et al[85]	Lactobacillus acidophilys, Streptococcus thermophiles and Bifidobacterium longum	Single center, prospective, randomized, double blind, n = 16 CKD	Reduction in blood urea nitrogen and uric and improvement in quality of life
Taki et al[86]	Bifidobacterium longum	Single center, non-randomized, placebo controlled trial, n = 27 HD	Decrease in homocysteine and triglycerides
Simenhoff et al[87]	Lactobacillus acidophilus	Single center observational trial, n = 8 HD	Reduction in dimethylamine and in nitrosodimethylamin

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HD: Hemodialysis.