Gut-kidney axis: Dysbiosis and renal disease

Table 7 Studies reporting gut microbiota modulation in chronic kidney disease patients

Ref.	Type of therapy	Results
Abdelbary et al[67], 2022	Sucroferric oxyhydroxide	In HD patients, Veillonella and Ruminococcus increased, while Subdoligranulum decreased
Borges et al[68], 2017	Immobilized symbiotic LB complex L vs placebo	In 56% of patients in the treatment group, gut microbiota recovered. CRP decreased in the treatment group
Abdelbary et al[69], 2020	Dietary intervention	Patients with CKD had higher levels of Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella, while Blautia was decreased
Kimber et al[70], 2020	Rifaximin	Rifaximin was linked to reduced diversity and richness of microbiota
Lai et al[71], 2019	Low protein diet	Low protein diet increased Akkermanmsiaceae and Bacterpoidaceae and decreased Christensenellaceae Clostridiaceae, and Pasteurellaceae Lactobascillaceae levels
Miao et al[72], 2018	Lanthanum carbonate	Shannon index decreased following lanthanum carbonate therapy
Cruz-Mora et al[73], 2014	Symbiotic	In HD patients, symbiotic therapy increased Bifidobacterium but decreased Lactobacillus levels
Nazzal et al[74], 2017	Oral vancomycin	Following vancomycin therapy, Clostridia, Roseburia, Enterococcaceae and Bacteroides decreased
Rossi et al[16], 2016	Symbiotic	Symbiotic were linked to an increase in Bifidobacterium
Simeoni et al[75], 2019	Probiotics	Probiotics increased Lactobacillales and Bifidobacteria levels
Yacoub et al[76], 2017	Advanced glycation end products	PD patients who received a one-month advanced glycation end-products restriction had a lower abundance of Prevetella copri

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HD: Hemodialysis; CRP: C reactive protein; PD: Peritoneal dialysis.