Gut-kidney axis: Dysbiosis and renal disease

doi:10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115357

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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World J Nephrol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 115357
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115357

Table 3 Biotic intervention studies in patients with chronic kidney disease

Study design	Study duration (weeks)	CKD stage	n	Supplementation	Uremic toxin changes	Taxa changes post-intervention
RCT, SC, DBP	18	4, 5	37	9 bacterial strains across; Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus	↓pCS; ↓IxS	↑Bifidobacterium; ↑Lachnospiraceae; ↑Faecalibacterium; ↓Clostridiales; ↓Ruminococcaceae
RCT, SC, DBP	26	5 (HD)	45	Bifidobacterium longum NQ1501, Lactobacillus acidophilus YIT2004; Enterococcus faecalis YIT0072	↓pCS	↑Bacteroidaceae; ↑Enterococcaceae; ↓Ruminococcaceae; ↓Halomonadaceae; ↓Erysipelotrichaceae; ↓Peptostreptococcaceae; ↓Clostridiales family XIII
RCT, DBP	38	5 (PD)	21	ITF	None	↓Abundance of indole-generating species
RCT, DBP	52	3, 4	56	9 strains across Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus	None	↑Bifidobacterium; ↑Blautia
RCT, SC, SB	14	3, 4	59	Β-glucan fiber	↓Free pCS; ↓IxS; ↓pCG	Shift from Bacteroides 2 enterotype to Prevotella enterotype

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; DBP: Double-blind placebo.controlled trial; HD: Hemodialysis; IXS: Indoxyl sulfate; SB: Single-blind trial; PD: Peritoneal dialysis; pCG: P-cresyl glucuronide; pCS: Para cresyl sulfate; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; SC: Single center.

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Citation: Salvadori M, Rosso G. Gut-kidney axis: Dysbiosis and renal disease. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(1): 115357
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v15/i1/115357.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115357

Salvadori M, Rosso G. Gut-kidney axis: Dysbiosis and renal disease. World J Nephrol 2026; 15(1): 115357 [PMID: 41884244 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115357]

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