Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for nephrologists

Table 3 Histopathological causes of biopsy proven immune check point inhibitor-related acute kidney injury

Histopathology	Frequency
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
Gupta et al[20] (n = 429)	82.7%
Cortazar et al[13] (n = 60)	93.3%
Glomerular diseases
Kitchlu et al[10] (n = 45)
Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis	26.7%
Minimal change disease (with acute tubular injury)	20.0%
C3 glomerulonephritis	11.1%
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy	8.9%
Amyloid A amyloidosis	8.9%
Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease	6.7%
Thrombotic microangiopathy	4.4%
Immune-complex glomerulonephritis	4.4%
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	4.4%
Lupus-like nephritis	2.2%
Membranous nephropathy	2.2%

Acute tubular nephritis is the commonest underlying cause of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury. Glomerular diseases occur in less than 20% of cases. Among glomerular diseases, pauci-immune glomerulonephritis, minimal change disease, and C3 glomerulonephritis are the commonest aetiologies.