Association of chronic kidney disease with in-hospital mortality of cardiogenic shock patients undergoing veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Figure 3 Forest plot illustrating the chronic kidney disease-in-hospital mortality association in veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cardiogenic shock. A-C: Subgroup analyses by region; D and E: Subgroup analyses by publication period; F and G: Subgroup analyses by study sample size. Squares: Study odds ratios (effect size); bars: 95% confidence intervals; diamonds: Pooled random-effects estimates. X-axis: Log-scaled; odds ratio > 1 indicates higher mortality with chronic kidney disease. Heterogeneity shown as τ², χ², I², P. Effects are consistently positive across subgroups, larger in Asian cohorts, earlier (≤ 2016) studies, and smaller studies (< 500 patients). CI: Confidence interval.