Urological and nursing-related predictors of unplanned hospital readmission after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A prospective cohort study

Table 5 Postoperative complications and their grades and management (n = 52)

Complications	Frequency	Number of readmitted patients	Treatment regimen (number of patients)	Modified Clavein grade
Obstructive complications
Anuria	2	2	JJ placement (2)	IIIa
Acute urinary retention	3	3	Urethral catheterization (3)	II
Renal pain/colic	8	0	Medical expulsive (8). Antimicrobial therapy (3)	II, II
Genitourinary infections
Acute pyelonephritis	18	15	JJ placement (4) with percutaneous nephrostomy (2). Antimicrobial therapy (18)	IIIa, II
Other infection1	5	5	Antimicrobial therapy	II
Hemorrhagic complications
Gross hematuria	5	2	Blood transfusion, intravenous fluids, and anti-bleeding measures (2). Antibleeding measures only (3)	II, II
Retroperitoneal hematoma	3	2	Blood transfusion (1). Antimicrobial/antibleeding therapy (3)	II
Combined infections and hemorrhage	4	4	Blood transfusion (1). Antimicrobial therapy (4). Angioembolization (1)	II, II, IIIa
Extraurologic
Pneumonia	3	2	Antimicrobial therapy (3)	II
Peptic ulcer	1	1	Upper GIT endoscopy and medical therapy	IIIa
Total	52	36		42 II and 10 IIIa

¹They included infected perinephric collections in three cases and combined acute epididymo-orchitis with gross pyuria in two cases. Six cases of infected, neglected gauze or encrustations at the nephrostomy tube site were not included here; they required no treatment other than local cleansing.

GIT: Gastrointestinal tract, JJ: Double-J stent.