Predictors of non-diabetic kidney disease in diabetics: A Saudi Arabian perspective

Table 4 Multinomial logistic regression (Non-diabetic kidney diseases vs diabetic kidney diseases and mixed vs diabetic kidney diseases)

Group	Predictor	OR (95%CI)	P value	Significance
A clinical + lab-based model
NDKD vs DKD	Proteinuria > 3.5 g/day	0.02 (0.00-0.22)	0.0015	Significant
	Haemoglobin < 12 g/dL	9.56 (1.68-54.30)	0.0107	Significant
	Retinopathy present	0.04 (0.00-0.38)	0.0067	Significant
	DM duration ≥ 10 years	0.01 (0.00-0.12)	0.0002	Significant
	Age	1.01 (0.94-1.08)	0.8127	Not significant
	Creatinine > 180 μmol/L	18.68 (2.26-154.80)	0.0063	Significant
Mixed vs DKD	Proteinuria > 3.5 g/day	0.66 (0.08-5.70)	0.7030	Not significant
	Haemoglobin < 12 g/dL	1.90 (0.31-11.51)	0.4850	Not significant
	Retinopathy present	0.35 (0.05-2.58)	0.3049	Not significant
	DM duration ≥ 10 years	0.07 (0.01-0.71)	0.0249	Significant
	Age	1.13 (1.04-1.23)	0.0055	Significant
	Creatinine > 180 μmol/L	1.48 (0.13-16.50)	0.7483	Not significant
A histopathological model
NDKD vs DKD	Global sclerosis ratio	0.13 (0.01-3.21)	0.2108	Not significant
	Podocyte effacement	0.06 (0.01-0.39)	0.0033	Significant
	IFTA moderate to severe	0.22 (0.04-1.26)	0.0893	Borderline
Mixed vs DKD	Global sclerosis ratio	0.38 (0.04-3.73)	0.4048	Not significant
	Podocyte effacement	0.30 (0.08-1.19)	0.0870	Borderline
	IFTA moderate to severe	0.19 (0.05-0.77)	0.02	Significant

OR: Odds ratios; CI: Confidence interval; DKD: Diabetic kidney diseases; NDKD: Non-diabetic kidney diseases; DM: Diabetes mellitus; IFTA: Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.