Biomarkers innovation in urinary tract infections: Insights into pathophysiology, antibiotic resistance, and clinical applications

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Nephrol. Dec 25, 2025; 14(4): 110749
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110749

Table 3 Commonly encountered uropathogens with their susceptible antibiotics

Bacteria	Antibiotics
Escherichia coli	Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Fosfomycin
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Enterococcus faecalis	Ampicillin, Vancomycin (for resistant strains)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Ceftazidime, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, Aminoglycosides
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Ceftriaxone, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Fluoroquinolones (if susceptible), Aminoglycosides
Proteus mirabilis	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Ciprofloxacin
Enterobacter spp.	Cefepime (less resistant strains), Fluoroquinolones (susceptible), Aminoglycosides (serious infections)
Coagulase-negative Staphylococci spp.	Vancomycin (for resistant strains), Oxacillin (if susceptible)

Citation: Pandey S, Aravaanan ASK, Bhaskar E, Silambanan S. Biomarkers innovation in urinary tract infections: Insights into pathophysiology, antibiotic resistance, and clinical applications. World J Nephrol 2025; 14(4): 110749
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v14/i4/110749.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110749

Pandey S, Aravaanan ASK, Bhaskar E, Silambanan S. Biomarkers innovation in urinary tract infections: Insights into pathophysiology, antibiotic resistance, and clinical applications. World J Nephrol 2025; 14(4): 110749 [PMID: 41479814 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110749]

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