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World Journal of Nephrology
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2220-6124
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Nephrol. Dec 25, 2025; 14(4): 109875
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.109875
Table 5 Summary of recommendations for Ramadan fasting in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease
Domain
Recommendation
Risk assessmentPerform individualized pre-Ramadan evaluation to understand risk and guide decision-making
EligibilitySupport fasting only for patients with stable CKD (stages 1–3) and well-controlled T2DM
Monitoring and safetyMonitor renal function and hydration status during Ramadan; advise breaking fast if clinical deterioration occurs
Care approachImplement tailored plans with medication adjustments, hydration strategies, and diet guidance
CKD: Chronic kidney disease; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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