Dietary management of patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: A comprehensive literature review

Table 4 Summary of dietary patterns

Dietary pattern	Benefits	Challenges	Cultural adaptations
DASH diet	Lowers blood pressure; improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control	Requires high adherence; limited access to fresh produce in some regions	Use grilled fish, bulgur, and herbs like za’atar/sumac instead of salt; emphasize traditional whole grains
Mediterranean diet	Reduces inflammation; improves kidney function; lowers T2DM/CKD risk	High cost of olive oil/seafood; unfamiliarity with dietary structure	Incorporate tabbouleh, hummus, grilled fish; adjust portion sizes; use local oils and nuts
Plant-based diet	High fiber for glycemic/gut health; reduces kidney protein load and inflammation	Risk of B12/iron deficiency; potential potassium/phosphorus imbalance in CKD	Include ful medames, vegetable stews, lentils/chickpeas; education on balanced inclusion of small meat portions

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; DASH: Dietary approach to stop hypertension; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.