Dietary management of patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: A comprehensive literature review

Table 3 Summary of fluid recommendations

Group	Fluid needs	Key notes
CKD stages 1–3	Typically unrestricted	Adequate function; monitor for heart failure
CKD stages 4–5 (non-dialysis)	May need restriction	Depends on urine output and cardiac status
Heart failure (any stage)	Restriction often required	Prevent fluid overload regardless of CKD stage
Hemodialysis	Strict limits	Prevent complications from fluid shifts
Peritoneal dialysis	More liberal intake	Daily dialysis allows flexibility; monitor sodium/sugar intake

CKD: Chronic kidney disease.