Hepatitis B and chronic kidney disease: Bench to bedside

Table 2 Seroprevalence of markers of occult hepatitis B infection in people on maintenance hemodialysis as reported in a few of the major studies (%)

Ref.	Country	Number of participants	Proportion with seropositive status in unvaccinated HBsAg negative population
			HBV DNA	IgG anti-HBc	Anti-HBs	IgG anti-HBc + anti-HBs
Siagris et al[22], 2006	Greece	49	20.4	-	-	-
Yakaryilmaz et al[23], 2006	Turkey	188	2.7	6.4	-	-
Aghakhani et al[24], 2010	Iran	289	50% of IgG anti-HBc reactive	6.2	-	-
Mina et al[25], 2010	Greece	346	0.9	-	-	-
Helaly et al[26], 2015	Egypt	100	45.8% of IgG anti-HBc positive group	48	-	-
Sowole et al[27], 2015	United Kingdom	778	-	3	-	17
Kalantari et al[28], 2016	Iran	400	-	2.5	-	5.5
Tang et al[29], 2020	China	330	-	10.8	-	48
Farshadpour et al[30], 2023	Iran	274	11.7	24.1	-	-

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; Anti-HBc: Anti hepatitis B core antibody; Anti-HBs: Hepatitis B surface antibody.